Silverman needs or cutting tip of a Tru-Cut disposable needle may 'bounce' off tne kidney and lacerate

cutting tip of a Tru-Cut disposable needle may 'bounce' off tne kidney and lacerate it, causing hemorrhage Fine-neede aspiration biopsy (FNAB) - is used in daignosis of renal transplant dysfunction It is less traumatic and analigesa and sedation are normally unnecessary FNAB can diagnose acute cellular reaction, but not early vascular rejaction Also it is not poasibfe to judge aeverfly of allograft damage in order to determine the nature and dose of antirajection therapy Complilcation COMMON -(a)Bleeding is most common complication (b) Artero-venous fistula with in the kidney It can cause bleeding Treatment - Bleeding can be controled with bed rest and transfusion if necessary Identification and control of bleeding point ol A-V llstula by transdermal percutaneous arteriography followed by embolization UNCOMMON -(a) Pneurrcthnra- (b) llaus (c)Lacertion of liver, spleen, mesenteruic artery and bowel. 2. HEMATURIA Causes - 1. In the urinary tract - Kidney - 1. Congenital anomalies. Polycystic disease, anglorna .2. Calculus .3. Mobile kidney .4. Infections - Pyelonephritis. tuberculasis, glomerulonephrltis. 5. neoplasme -Renal carcinoma, wilms tumour. 6. Drugs - Sulphonamied. anticoagulants. 7. Trauma - Ruptured kidney. 9. Oxalurla. 9 Posl-oparative .After naphro or pyelolithotomy or partial nephroiclamy 10 Radation damage 11 Heradrtary nephrite - Airporlfe syndrome, farrtllal recurreni haernaiurla 12 Renal errbollzatfen/infaictlon 13 Analgesic nephropathy 14 Unknown origin -Essential haamaluna 1'renal apblajds"). Loin pain/haemalur[a: syn^ome Urater - (1J Trauma. (2J Calculi (3) Infection (4) Tumours - paplPoma. carcinoma Prostate - Benign hypertrophy, carcinoma Bladder - [1) Dlvertlculum (2)Trauma -following prostatectomy or other operations or Instrumental (3) Calculus or (orejgn body (4) Tuberculosis (5) Tumoura - Simple, papilloma, carcinoma. (6). Ulcers. (7). Chemical cysistis - e.g. after cylophosphamide (8)Parasitic-Schistosomiasis, Bancroftian filariasis Urethra - (1) Malformationgs.(2) lnjuries. (3). Calculus or foreign bady. (4) infectioin .(5) Tumours. (6) Naevus 2. Systemic causes -1 Bleeding dathasis. 2. Collagen disorders - SLE, PAN .3. Subacute Infective endocarditis 4.