The arms are flexed and crossed with tightly clenched fists and the toes flexed. The back is very rigid Cyanosis and apnoea accompany the more severe

respiration. 5. Neonatal tetanus - due to sepsis of the umbilical stump. Typically the weekold infant presents with inability to suck because of spasm of facial and pharyngeal muscles, or with generalized convulsions. Crying is hoarse and the face screwed up, with tightly closed eyes and wrinkled forehead The arms are flexed and crossed with tightly clenched fists and the toes flexed. The back is very rigid Cyanosis and apnoea accompany the more severe spasms. Severity of tetanus: Grading Gr. I (mild) - Mild to moderate lockjaw, generalized spasticity, no spasms or respiratory difficulty. Gr. II (moderate) - Well marked rigidity, brief spasms, mild dysphagia, tachypnoea (>3Q-35/min) Gr III (severe) - Severe trismus, generalized spasticity, prolonged spasms often spontaneous, tachypnoea (>4Q/min), apnoeic spells, marked dysphagia, tachycardia, increased autonomic MS disturbance. Gr. IV (very severe) - (Gr. III features plus severe autonomic storms) - severe hypertension and tachycardia alternating with relative hypotension and bradycardia, or severe persistent hypertension. or hypotension Differential Diagnosis -1 Other causes of trismus - (a) Irritant local lesions of teeth (dental abscess, pericoronitis), throat (peritonsillar abscess), temporomandibular joint, masseter muscle and cervical lymph nodes (b) Occasionally postvaccinial and postinfectious encephalitis, serum sickness and even poliomyelitis. It is commonly observed in patients envenomed by sea snakes . 2. Meningitis - Neck rigidity can occur in both tetanus and meningitis. Signs of meningeal irritation, diagnostic CSF. 3. Rabies - Dysphagia associated with spasms of inspiratory and pharyngeal muscles also occurs in rabies. No trismus. Relaxation of ms. inbetween paroxysms. 4. Tetany - Spasms start in periphery with carpopedal spasm. Usually associated with overbreathing or thyroid surgery. 5. Drug dystonia - Dystonic reactions to drugs such as phenothiazines and metoclopramide. Grimacing, spasmodic neck retraction and torticollis, wide opening of the mouth and eyes Prompt response to diazepam or benztropine. 6. Acute peritonitis - Board-like abdominal rigidity as in tetanus, but in tetanus there is little or no tenderness. 7. Functional muscle spasms - Bizarre movements or posture, absence of constant rigidity of involved muscles, history of previous personality disorder. 8. Catatonic schizophrenia - might cause confusion in absence of background information. CLINICAL COURSE - Most deaths occur by 10th day Spasms usually subside by end of second or third week, but residual muscle stiffness may persist for more than a month. Complications 1 Respiratory - (a) Bronchopneumonia common cause of death, results from aspiration of stomach contents, blockage of airways by sticky secretions and lung collapse. (b) Asphyxia - may be due to one or both of the following - (i) Pharyngolaryngeal spasm - Sudden and unexpected stridor, respiratory distress or cyanosis in an early case of tetanus is due to spasm of muscles of upper airway. (u) Respiratory muscle fixation - A patient without any major reflex muscle spasms may still die from complications of chest fixation in which the general hypertonicity involves pectoral muscles, intercostal muscles and muscles of the abdominal wall reducing vital capacity markedly. (c) ARDS-chiefly due to respiratory sepsis. 2. Due to spasms - Spasms can tear muscles and even avulse their insertions, with subsequent articular and

Late complications - (a) Bronchiectasis. (b) Immuno-suppressive measles encephalopathy - 1-6 months after an attack of mild or atypical measles in chi

complication. Headache, confusion, coma and convulsions result from autoimmune demyelination. 6 Hepatitis - usually in young adults with severe disease. Frank jaundice may occur. May be giant cells in the liver. Spontaneous resolution. 7. Late complications - (a) Bronchiectasis. (b) Immuno-suppressive measles encephalopathy - 1-6 months after an attack of mild or atypical measles in children receiving cytotoxic drug therapy. Neurological damage is severe. (c) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) -It occurs about 4-7 years after mild disease, evolves over a period of months or years, almost always ending fatally. Post-measles state - results from powerful immunosuppressive effect which alters immunity and the tissue-destructive effect of measles. Clinical features - Gradual deterioration into chronic illness (a) Growth retardation and diarrhoea - often with anorexia. May precipitate protein-energy-malnutrition. (b) Gingivo-stomatitis - with oral herpes, persistent pyrexia, worsening pneumonia, increasing hepatomegaly and encephalopathy. (c) Corneal ulcers mainly in malnourished children. (d) Other uncommon complications - Gangrene of tips of fingers and toes, cancrum oris, septicemia, candidosis, reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly abortion or prematurity if infection occurs during pregnancy. Diagnosis -can be confirmed retrospectively with paired serology, salivary antibody detection is a non-invasive method of confirming the diagnosis. Differential Diagnosis - PRE EXANTHEMATOUS STAGE - Common cold, influenza, catarrhal stage of whooping cough. EXANTHEMATOUS STAGE -1. Rubella - No Koplik's spots, small shotty enlargement of suboccipital, posterior cervical and post-auricular lymphnodes; catarrhal symptoms and systemic disturbances slight. In measles mucous membrane is injected and dirty, in rubella it is pale and clean. 2. Drug eruption - especially that caused by ampicillin. Tends to persist longer and may have an urticarial element. Absence of catarrh and failure of rash to evolve from above downwards. 3. Serum rashes - Rash dense at site of injection, typical wheals. 4. Infectious mononucleosis - Fever, adenopathy, and sore throat. Maculopapular rash, splenomegaly. Atypical lymphocytes in blood smear. 5 Erythema infectiosum - Rash but usually no constitutional symptoms. Rash appears in three phases It begins with livid erythema of the cheeks (slapped cheeks), followed by maculopapular rash on extremities and trunk, and as the rash fades it has a lacy reticular appearance. 6. Roseola infantum (Exanthema subitum) - Acute viral disease of young children. 3 to 4 days of high fever. As fever falls by crisis, pink maculopapules appear on chest and trunk and fade in 1-3 days. 7. Erythema multiforme - Circular or irregular erythematous blotches usually occurring on backs of hands and forearms. Constitutional symptoms may be present. 8. Other exanthemas - (a) Coxsackie virus A. Hand-foot and mouth disease is the most specific syndrome. After a short prodroma of malaise, anorexia and fever, a vesicular exanthem develops involving buccal mucosa. A vesicular exanthem also appears on hands and feet in many patients. (b) Other viral infections - Adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncitial virus may occasionally be associated with macular or maculopapular rashes. 9. Paratyphoid - Sometimes profuse pinkish brown maculopapules. Longer prodromal illness, characteristic temperature chart, agglutination test

Carbamazepine is 5H-dibenz(b,flazepine-5-carboxamide. Category: Anticonvulsant. Dose: 200 mg daily, increasing to 1.2 g daily, in divided doses, in ac

heating Sucrose or Dextrose until the sweet taste is destroyed. Category: Pharmaceutical aid (colouring agent). Description: Thick, free-flowing, dark brown liquid; odour, slight and characteristic.Solubility Miscible with water, with dilute alcohols (upto 60% v/v), with dilute mineral acids and with solutions of sodium hydroxide; immiscible with chloroform and with ether. It is precipitated by strong alcohols (more than 60% v/v).Storage: Store in tightly-closed containers. STANDARDS Identification: To 20 ml of a 5% w/v solution add 0.5 ml of phosphoric acid; no precipitate is produced Weight per ml: Not less than 1.30 g. Appendix 3.15 pH: Between 3.0 and 5.5, determined in a 10% w/v solution, Appendix 8.11. Acid-stability Dilute 50 ml of a 1 % w/v solution to 250 ml with water, add 5 ml of hydrochloric acid and heat gently to boiling under reflux. Allow to cool and set aside for 24 hours; the solution remains clear. Repeat the test on the same testsolution but boil for 30 minutes; the solution remains clear for 24 hours. Heavy metals Not more than 10 ppm, determined on 2 g by Method B, Appendix 3.12 Iron: Evaporate 0.44 g to dryness, add 0.2 ml of nitric acid, ignite and dissolve the residue in 1 ml of dilute nitric acid: the solution complies with the limit test for iron, Appendix 3.13 (100 ppm). Sulphated ash: Not more than 2.0%, Appendix 3.22. Microbial limits: 1.0 g is free from Escherichia coli andsalmonellae, Appendix 9.4. Carbamazepine is 5H-dibenz(b,flazepine-5-carboxamide. Category: Anticonvulsant. Dose: 200 mg daily, increasing to 1.2 g daily, in divided doses, in accordance with the needs of the patient. Description: White or yellowish-white, crystalline powder; almost odourless; exhibits polymorphism.Solubility Freely soluble in dichloromethane, soluble in ethanol (95%) and in acetone; practically insoluble in water and in ether.Storage: Store in well-closed containers. STANDARDSCarbamazepine contains not less than 97.0 per cent and not more than 103.0 per cent of C15H12N2O, calculated with reference to the dried substance. Identification: A: Heat O I g with 2 ml of nitric acid in a water-bath for 3 minutes; an orange-red colour is produced. B: The light absorption in the range 230 to 360 run of a 0.001 % w/v solution in ethanol (95%) exhibits a maximum only at about 285 ran; absorbance at about 285 nm, about 0.49, Appendix 5.5.C: Exhibits an intense blue fluorescence under ultra-violet light (365 nm). D: Melts between 189° and 193°, Appendix 8.8. Acidity or alkalinity: Stir 1 g with 20 ml of carbon dioxide free water for 15 minutes and filter. Titrate 10 ml of the filtrate with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide using 1 drop of phenolphthalein solution as indicator; not more than 0.5 ml is required Add 3 drops of a 0.05% w/v solution of methyl red and titrate with 0.01M hydrochloric acid until the colour changes to red; not more than 1.0 ml is required Chloride: 1.5 g complies with the limit test for chlorides, Appendix 3.10 (165 ppm). Heavy metals: Not more than 10 ppm, determined on 2.0 g by method B, Appendix 3.12. Related substances: Carry out the method for thin-layer chromatography. Appendix 4.6, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of 95 volumes of toluene and 5 volumes of methanol as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 g1 of (1) a 2.5% w/v solution of the substance being examined in chloroform; (2) a 0.005% w/v solution of iminodibenryl RS in methanol. After removal of the plate allow it to dry in air for 15 minutes and spray with a 0.5% w/v solution of

Another Indonesian maid suffers abuse in Malaysia

Another Indonesian maid has allegedly been abused by a Malaysian employer.Modesta Rangga, 26, told the Indonesian Embassy on Friday she had been abused almost daily since she started working with her employer in Kampung Ampang Baru, a suburb of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, almost two years ago.Modesta claims she suffered a severed right earlobe, and had bruises on her body and thighs as well as scars on her face.She alleged that her employer had hit her with a cane, sticks and even punched her in the face and body, and also claimed she was only given one meal per day, sometimes none at all.“My boss would sometimes throw rice into the drain and make me eat from there,” said Modesta, who was born in Sumba Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur.Modesta also claimed she had not been paid since she started working with her employer in November 2007. Her salary was supposed to be RM500 (Rp 1.4 million) a month.The latest incident allegedly happened at midnight on Thursday after her employer asked her why she had not done the laundry.“I told my boss it was going to rain and I was afraid the clothes would get wet if I aired them. She just started hitting me and locked me out of the house,” Modesta said, adding that her employer would also make her work in her mother’s house in Kampung Baru.Neighbours who saw the maid outside the house alerted the police.Police picked up the employer for questioning at Pandan Indan police station and later remanded her. Modesta was sent to Ampang Hospital for treatment.Indonesian Embassy spokesman Widyarka Ryananta said doctors confirmed Modesta’s hearing had been impaired. “Her right eye is also damaged,” Widyarka said.

: The infra-red absorption spectrum, Appendix 5.4, is concordant with the reference spectrum of captopril or with the spectrum obtained from captopril

off-white, crystalline powder; odour, characteristic, sulphide-like. Solubility: Freely soluble in water, in methanol, in ethanol (95%) and in chloroform.Storage: Store in tightly-closed containers STANDARDSCaptopril contains not less than 97.5 per cent and not more than 102.0 per cent of C9H15NO3S, calculated with reference to the dried substance. Identification: A: The infra-red absorption spectrum, Appendix 5.4, is concordant with the reference spectrum of captopril or with the spectrum obtained from captopril RS. B: Carry out the method for thin-layer chromatography. Appendix 4.6, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of 75 volumes of toluene, 25 volumes of glacial acetic acid and 1 volume of methanol as the mobile phase, -but allowing the solvent front to ascend 12 cm above the line of application. Apply separately to the plate, in the form of 1-cm bancte, 50 ul of each of the two solutions in methanol containing (1) 0.4% w/v of the substance being examined and (2) 0.4% w/v of captopril RS. After removal of the plate, allow it to dry in air and spray with a freshly prepared mixture of 1 volume of strong ammonia solution and 6 volumes of a 0.04% w/v solution of 5,5'-dithiobcte(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in methanol and allow to stand for 5 minutes. The principal band in the chromatogram obtained with solution (1) corresponds to that in the chromatogram obtained with solution (2).C: Melts between 104° and 110°, Appendix 8.8. Specific optical rotation: Between -125° and -134°, determined in a 1 % w/v solution in ethanol, Appendix 8.9. Heavy metals: Not more than 30 ppm, determined on 0.66 g by Method B, Appendix 3.12. Sulphated ash: Not more than 02%, Appendix 3.22. Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0%, determined on 1 g by drying at 60° at a pressure not exceeding 0.7 kPa, Appendix 8.6. Assay: Weigh accurately about 0.3 g, dissolve in 100 ml of water in a stoppered-flask, add 10 ml of 1.8M sulphuric acid and 1 g of potassium iodide. Titrate with 0.0 25M potassium iodate using 3 ml of starch solution, added towards the end-point, as indicator Each ml of 0.025M potassium iodate is equivalent to 0.03308 g of C9H15NO3S.CAPTOPRIL TABLETS Usual strengths: 12.5 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg. Storage: Store in tightly-closed containers. STANDARDSCaptopril Tablets contain not less than 90.0 percent and not more than 110.0 per cent of the stated amount of captopril, C9H15NO3S. Identification: A Comply with test B described under Captopril, using as solution (1) the clear supernatant liquid obtained by extracting the powdered tab lets equivalent to 100 mg of Captopril with 25 ml of methanol and centrifuging. Dissolution: Comply with the dissolution test far tablets and capsules, Appendix 7.3, using Apparatus 2, as the medium 900 ml of 0.1M hydrochloric acid and rotating the basket at 50 rpm for 20 minutes. Withdraw a suitable volume of the sample and filter. Measure the absorbance of the filtrate, suitably diluted with the dissolution medium, if necessary, at the maximum at about 212 nm, Appendix 5.5. Calculate the content of CGH15NO3S in the medium from the absorbance obtained from a solution of known concentration of captopril RS in the same medium and from the declared content of C9H15NO3S in captopril RS. D: Not less than 80% of the stated amount of C9H15NO3S. Other requirements: Comply with the

SBI Mutual Fund Uses IVR to Boost Customer Experience

An independent IT solutions and services company announced that it's implemented an interactive voice response, or “IVR” solution for an India asset management company to help manage its mutual funds arm.
Datacraft installed IVR technology at SBI Funds Management, a company that manages more than 100 different funds under SBI Mutual Fund, to help improve customer interaction and let customers use their voice to obtain the latest Net Asset Values of SBI’s Mutual Fund schemes.

The technology features a speech recognition solution powered by Nuance (News - Alert) that's designed to increase users’ experiences. The solution is designed to help SBI Mutual funds enhance customer satisfaction, reduce time to service people and increase agent productivity at the customer support center, the company said.

The speech-enabled IVR service will likely play a key role in improving the end-user interaction, Datacraft said. A touchtone-only environment would have made the system cumbersome and likely would have frustrated customers, officials said.

“The solution will improve customer service by offering more intuitive access to information and streamlining transactions,” said Sunil Manglore, CEO at Datacraft India, in a statement. “In addition, the solution will also increase customer satisfaction by shortening on-hold time and overall call duration.”

SBI Funds Management selected speech-enabled IVR based on surveys of customer calls and an analysis of call patterns. Datacraft India offered consulting and application development services to design and implement the IVR solution, the company said.

IVR services are crucial to ramping up a company’s brand image in the wake of growing competition in India's financial services sector. Datacraft’s deployment of such a service demonstrates the company’s ability to improve the interaction between clients and their customers, Manglore said.

The recent announcement supports a recent report from market research firm T3i Group that found that the global IVR market will grow to $514 million by 2013, up from an estimated $431 million this year. As TMCnet reported, the IVR market is growing because of a resurgence of self-service applications, as well as the power of VXML to link Web applications to voice.

A separate report by market research firm DMG Consulting predicted that the IVR solutions market will see a CAGR of 13.4 percent for the hosted/managed inbound IVR sector and 18.7 percent for the outbound IVR segment over the next four years.

Datacraft, a subsidiary of global IT solutions and services provider Dimension Data, operates more than 50 offices across 13 Asia Pacific countries. The firm helps clients plan, build, support, manage, improve and innovate IT infrastructures.Amy Tierney is a Web editor for TMCnet, covering unified communications, telepresence, IP communications industry trends and mobile technologies. To read more of Amy's articles, please vi

SC to decide on 'dividend stripping' by mutual funds

The Supreme Court will decide whether mutual fund brokers can resort to a process (dividend stripping) of creating a short-term loss to avoid tax.
A Bench headed by Justice S H Kapadia has issued notice broking firms on a batch of petitions filed by the income-tax department challenging the Bombay High Court judgment that a broker was entitled to have his/her loss set off against income from any other transaction or source.
Dividend stripping happens when a mutual fund declares a tax-free dividend for unit-holders, who after taking the dividend exit the scheme. The net asset value of the scheme declines and unit-holders are able to show a capital loss. As a result, the exchequer misses a chance to tax capital gains.
However, the unit-holder gets the dividend and the mutual fund earns the entry and exit load.
According to the petition, these agents resort to dividend stripping as they know that after the dividend is declared, the net asset value (NAV) of the MF decreases.
Brokers purchase units at a higher price and sell them immediately after the declaration of dividend, knowing that the sale of such units would result in a loss, which they could adjust against the profits derived from the sale and purchase of shares and securities, it added.
In one case, the department alleged that Bang Security had received as dividend more than Rs 14 crore from mutual funds between 1999 and 2001 and had claimed exemption from tax under Section 10 (33) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
However, at the same time it had shown a loss of Rs 14.35 crore incurred between 2000 and 2002 from purchasing units.

. Acid-insoluble ash: Not more han 1.0% in Sumatra Benzoin and not more than 0.5% in Siam Benzoin, determmed on 2 g, Appendix 3.39 Loss on drying: Not

75.0% in Sumatra Benzoin and not less than 90.0% in Siam Benzoin, determined by the following method. Weigh accurately about 2 g, in coarse powder, in a tared extraction thimble and insert the thimble in a Soxhlet or other suitable continuous extraction apparatus Place 0.1 g of sodium hydroxide in the receiving flask of the apparatus, extract with ethanol (95%) until extraction is complete (about 5 hours), dry the thimble lo constant weight at 105° and calculate the ethanol soluble extractive from the increase in weight of the thimble. Acid-insoluble ash: Not more han 1.0% in Sumatra Benzoin and not more than 0.5% in Siam Benzoin, determmed on 2 g, Appendix 3.39 Loss on drying: Not more than 10.0%, determined on 2 g, in coarse powder, by drying over phosphorus pentoxide al a pressure not exceeding 2.7 kPa for 4 hours, Appendix 8.6 Assay: Weigh accurately about 1.25 g and boil with 25 ml of dilute ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution under a reflux condenser for 1 hour. Remove the ethanol and digest the residue with 50 ml of hot waler until diffused Cool the liquid, add 150 ml of water and 1.5 g of magnesium sulphate dissolved in 50 ml of water Mix thoroughly and sel aside for 10 minutes. Filter, wash the residue on the filter with 20 ml of water, acidify the combined filtrate and washings with hydrochloric acid and extract with successive quantities of 50, 40, 30, 30 and 30 ml of ether Combine the ether extracts and discard the aqueous portion. Extract with successive quanlilies of 20, 20, 10, 10 and 10 ml of sodium bicarbonate solution, washing each aqueous extract with the same 20 ml of ether. Discard the ether layers, acidify the combined aqueous extracts with hydrochloric acid and extract with successive quantities of 30, 20, 20 and 10 ml of chloroform, filtering each chloroform extract through a plug of cotton wool on which a layer of anhydrous sodium sulphate is placed Evaporate the chloroform on a water-bath until about 10 ml remains and remove the remainder in a current of air stopping immediately when the last trace of solvent is removed. Dissolve the residue by warming with 10 ml of ethanol (95%), previously neutralised lo phenol red solution, cool and titrate with 0. IM sodium hydroxide using phenol red solution as indicator. Each ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.01482 g of total balsamic acids, calculated as cinamic acid, C9H8O2, in Sumatra Benzoin and 0.01221 g of total balsamic acids, calculated as benzoic acid, C7H60?, in Siam Benzoin. COMPOUND BENZOIN TINCTURE Friars' BalsamBenzom, in moderatety coarse powder Macerate the Benzoin, Prepared Storax, Tolu Balsam and Aloes with 800 ml of Ethanol (90%n) in a closed vessel for not less than 2 days with occasional shaking Filler and pass sufficient Elhanol (90%) through the filter to produce the required volume Category: Topical protectant, expeclorant and comforting by steam inhalation in acute laryngitis,. Storage Slore in tighlly-closed, hght-resislant containers and avoid exposure to direcl sunlight and lo excessive heat Labelling: The label slates that it is flammable. STANDARDSCompound Benzoin Tincture contains not less lhan 45 per cent w/v of lotal balsamic acids, calculated as cinnamic acid, CgH8Oldentification: A: Complies with lest D described under Benzoin using as solution (1) a solution prepared by diluting 1 ml with 4 ml of elhanol (95°I0) .[The chromatographic profile may vary depending on the variety of Benzoin used). B: Carry out test D described under Benzoin but using Ihe following solutions For solulion. (1) dilute 1 ml with 4 ml of elhanol (95%). Solution (2) is a 0.05% w/v solulion of styrene RS in chloroform. The chromatogram obtained with solution (1) exhibits an intense spot corresponding to the spol in the chromalogram obtained wilh solution (2) (Prepared Slorax). C: Carry out test D described under Benzoin but using the following solutions. For solution (1) dilute 1 ml with 4 ml of ethanol (95%). Solutions (2), (3), (4) and (5) are 0.05% w/v solutions of benzoyl benzoate RS, benzoyl cinnamate RS, eugenol RS and vanillin RS respectively in chloroform. The chromatogram obtained with solution (1) exhibits spots corresponding to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with solutions (2), (3), (4) and (5) (Tolu Balsam). D: Carry out the method for thin-layer chromatography, Appendix 4.6, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of 100 volumes of ethyl acetate, 13.5 volumes of methanol arid 10 volumes of water as the mobile phase but allowing the solvenl front to ascend 10 em above the line of application Apply separately to the plate 50 ul of each of the following solutions as bands 20 mm long and nol more than 3 mm wide For solulion (1) dilute 1 ml with 4 ml of ethanol (95%). For solution (2) use a 0.5% w/v solution of barbalom RS m methanol. After removal of the plate, allow it to dry in air until the odour of the solvenl is no longer detectable, spray with a 10% w/v solution of potassium hydroxide m methanol and examine under ultra-violet light (365 nm). The chromatogram obtained with solution (1) exhibits a yellow fluorescent band corresponding to the band obtained m the chromatogram obtained with solution (2) and a light blue fluorescent band wilh a lower Rf value due to alcesine. Heat the plate al 110° for 5 minutes; a violet fluorescent band just below the band corresponding to barbaltion may also be seen in the chromatogram obtained with solution (1) (Aloes). Weight per ml: Between 0.870

MFs give arbitrage funds a break, stop fresh inflows

MUMBAI: At a time when domestic mutual funds continue to aggressively scramble for more money to boost their asset base, they have made an exception
arbitrage funds. Several top arbitrage schemes of mutual funds have stopped accepting fresh money from investors, as lack of sufficient arbitrage opportunities between the cash and futures markets have made it tedious for them to generate competitive returns to the existing unitholders itself. Top schemes in the category, including Kotak Equity Arbitrage, UTI Spread, ICICI Prudential’s Blended Plans and Equity and Derivative Income Optimiser Plans, are no longer taking money, officials at these mutual funds told ET. Mutual fund distributors said HDFC Arbitrage, IDFC Arbitrage Plans and JM Arbitrage Advantage have also been closed to fresh subscriptions, though this could not be independently verified with them. Sandesh Kirkire, CEO of Kotak Mutual Fund, which manages the biggest arbitrage fund of roughly Rs 1,000 crore, said: “We decided to stop accepting fresh money, keeping in mind the interests of the existing holders because the market is hardly conducive for arbitrage.” Arbitrage schemes, considered relatively risk-free, aim to profit from the pricing anomalies between shares and equity futures. While they use at least 65% of their fund corpus to take advantage of such pricing anomalies, these hybrid schemes are structured to invest up to 35% of their corpus in money market papers such as certificate of deposits and commercial paper. Arbitrage opportunities are at its best in a bull market, when futures trade at a premium to the underlying shares or indices. This allows traders to buy the underlying and sell futures. Analysts say nowadays, futures are mostly trading at a discount to the underlying, resulting in fewer opportunities to cash in on the price differentials. The interest rate scenario of late has also not been favourable for these funds, unlike last year when they switched to money market instruments to sustain returns in the absence of arbitrage opportunities. In the bull run, these schemes aimed at returning 9-11%, but in the last year, average returns from this category have been roughly 7%, according to Value Research, a mutual fund tracker. Funds fear that the returns from this category would shrink further if assets grew more, with these schemes finding favour among the risk-averse investors, amid the existing uncertainty. “It did not make sense to accept more applications at the expense of the existing unitholders. This is a temporary measure,” said Nilesh Shah, deputy MD and CIO of ICICI Prudential Asset Management.

an AP develops in the motor nerve released from The nerve terminal EPP de-velops on the post June tonal membrane if it (the EPP) is of sufficient magn

muscles when repeated contractions are attempted, muscular weakness and even frank neuromuscular transmission block. Besides, DFP. as slated above, heavy dose of corlisol (in the hope of destroying the antibody) is also used for treatment 7. Muscle relaxants During surgical operations in the abdomen. muscles should be satisfactory lelaxed. as this helps adequate re-, traction of the abdominal wound. This, of course can be achieved by deepening the level of anesthesia, but this is not preferred. An alternative procedure is to use the muscle relaxants which (by different mechanisms) can produce a neuromuscuJar block so that the tone of all the skeletal muscfes iincluding the muscles of respiration) are reduced wilhout using a heavy dose of anesthesia. As can be understood, possibility of the respiratory paralysis has to be guarded against. recall, this enzyme destroys ACh. SUMMARY & HIGHLIGHTS Under light microscopes, some differences are seen between skeletal and canjiac muscles, but EM features and mechanism of contraction (called ratchet or sliding theory) of these two types of muscles aie remarkably similar. Contractile elements are. (i) myosin. and (2) actin. When an AP develops on sarcolemma more free Ca++ ions become available within thecytosol of muselee ell uncovering of the active sites of theaclin modules attachment ol the myosin heads into the active sites, occur, New, these heads rotate-> actin filament moves forward (towards the H zone) the head deatlaches ->again reattaches to a new active site and so Ihe sarcomere length reduces and the muscle as a whole shortens. ATPs are required for the rotation and deattachment of the heads.Neuromuscular transmitter is ACh. When an AP develops in the motor nerve released from The nerve terminal EPP de-velops on the post June tonal membrane if it (the EPP) is of sufficient magnitude, an AP of the muscle develops contraction occurs. This neuromuscular transmission can be abolished by succinyl choline [(depalarizing blocker, a twitch followed by paralysis)] curare [(competitive antagonist), no twitch before the paralysis] and so on. 1. Introduction 2 Instruments for study.3. Some commonly used terms. The properties. A. Mechanical (i) Response to a single stimulus. The simple muscle curve. ii. Summation. (@ Clonus and tetanus - Response to repeated stimuli, (iv) all or none' law. v) Fatigue. (9 Effect of terrnpeiature and load. (>o Force of contraction. Factors influencing force of contraction. Length tension relationship. Force velocity relationship. (viii) Lever action of muscles, (ix) Summary. B. Thermal properties.C. Electrical properties.5. EMG 6. Energy expenditure during muscular contraction. Introduction Studying the properties of skeletal muscles, forms the basis of 'nerve muscle physiobgy' of the undergraduate students of medical physiology. In the practical classes it is commonly performed on frog's skeletal muscle. There are a number of reasons why the frog is chosen as an experimental animal for this purpose : (i) the animal is cheap, but more important reason is (ii) a skeletal muscle separated from this animal's body (and thus bereft of its vascular supply) remains alive at room temperatures of Indian laboratories for several hours. A mammalian skeletal muscle preparation. once isolated, dies quickly. For this reason, if experiments are intended on mammalian sketetal muscles, elaborate arrangements, (which are often not very practicable for a mass of students) are necessary. Nevertheless, the informations obtained Irom such isolated nerve muscle preparations of frogs, are reasonably dose to those from the mammalian muscles. In the following pages. properties (Characteristics) of skeletal muscles will be discussed. These properties should be compared and contrasted with those of the cardiac muscles (chap.2. sec. V) and the smooth muscles (chap. 4. sec. IX). Procedure and instruments for study Commonly, the frog is made unconscious by a sharp stun on the laboratory bench (stunning). This is followed by pithing In pithing, a sharp needle is introduced through the foramen magnum of the animal into its cranial cavity. By manipulating the needle, the brain is destroyed. The aim of stunning is to make the animal unconscious in quickest possible time; pithing is done while the animal is still unconscious. The twin procedures ensure that during subsequent procedures the animal does not feel pain and thus an avoidable cruelty is avoided. Subsequently, the spinal cord of the animal is destroyed by introducing the needle within the vertebral canal and rotating it re-peatedly. This destruction ensures loss of all spinal leflexes (which may. otherwise, be elicited in Ihe subsequent procedures) and thus prevents premature fatigue. It also makes the limbs toneless (flaccid) which facilitates dissection. Subsequently, the gastiocnemius soleus ('calf muscles') of one leg. together with the sciatic nerve (with its branch supplying the gastrocnemius soleus) is dissected out and isolated from the body. The branch supplying the gastrocnermius arises just above the knee joint and care must be taken to see that this twig to the calf muscle is not Tom during the preparation. Such a preparation is called the 'gastrocnemius sciatic' preparation. Instruments The aim is to give a single electrical shock to the sciatic nerve. The nerve is thus stimulated and generates an action potential. Eventually the nerve impulse crosses the neuromuscular junction and causes the muscle to contract. Arrangements for giving the electrical shock are as follows : A steady DC current is led off from a source, which is usually a dry cell battery. This current is led to a solenoid called the 'primary coil'. Superimposing the primary coil. there is another solenoid called the 'secondary coil'. The wires of the secondary are apposed but not in physical contact with the primary. As a result, when a DC current starts to flow or stops to flow (i.e. changes

Reliance Mutual Fund declares dividend for two schemes

Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group firm Reliance Mutual Fund today announced a dividend of up to 50 per cent for its two schemes: Reliance Regular Savings Fund and Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund
The company would pay a dividend of 50 per cent or Rs 5 per unit and 30 per cent or Rs 3 per piece under the equity and balanced options of Reliance Regular Savings Fund, respectively, it said in a statement.
The fund house has also announced a dividend of 20 per cent or Rs 2 per unit under the retail and institutional plans of Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund. It has fixed July 24 as the record date for dividends.
"Reinforcing the investors' faith, Reliance Mutual Fund has maintained its strategy of giving timely and regular dividends on its schemes," Reliance Capital Asset Management CEO Sundeep Sikka said.At the end of June, Reliance Mutual Fund has a corpus of over Rs 1,08,332 crore for over 71 lakh investors

TERIAL AGENTS - Every patient should receive Inj. Procain penicillin 50,000 U/kg for 10 days once a day IM. If sensitive to penicillin give Erythromyc

carditis, prolonged bed rest is not necessary. Patients with definite myocarditis and valvulitis should be kept in bed until: (i) the intensity of heart murmur has diminished or has become stabilized, (ii) heart sounds are of good quality, (iii) sleeping pulse rate is below 100 per minute, (iv) hematocrit is rising or normal and the CRP is negative and (v) there is a true weight gain. Convalescence may often take G months or longer. General acceptable rules for bed rest are - Status 2. Diet - Aim is to maintain nutrition. Only fluids if moderate or high fever. Vitamins and minerals. 3. Drugs - control acute exudative manifestations. (a) ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS - Every patient should receive Inj. Procain penicillin 50,000 U/kg for 10 days once a day IM. If sensitive to penicillin give Erythromycin 40-50 mg/kg for 10 days. (b) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS - (i) Salicylates in the form of Aspirin 100 mg per kg body weight per day in 3-4 divided doses taken in milk or after meals. Continued for 2 weeks then scaled down to 75 mg/kg for 4-6 weeks for both arthritis alone, anchor carditis with or without cardiomegaly Signs of aspirin toxicity are - vomiting, tinnitus, and hyperpnoea. If these occur, the drug should be discontinued for one or two days and then restarted in a lower dose. (ii) Steroids - should be given when there is marked cardiac enlargement, failure, pericarditis. They suppress the activity and allow digitalis and diuretics to work, and if there is only potential failure risk of development of failure is minimised. Rebound phenomena (reappearance of clinical or laboratory signs of rheumatic activity) may occur when steroid medication is stopped or the dosage reduced Dosage - Prednisolone 2 mg/kg/day in divided doses for 2 weeks, gradually decreased over another 2 weeks. Aspirin should be started after 2 weeks of steroids and continued for 4 weeks beyond to prevent steroid rebound 4. Symptomatic treatment - (i) Local treatment - Cradle to lift bed clothing from affected joints. Heat, methyl salicylate and counter irritants. (ii) Cardiac failure - Digitalis - 0.03 - 0.05 mg/kg total dose orally, 3/4 this dose if parenteral digitalisation necessary. Give 1/2 dose stat, 1/4 after 8 hours, 1/4 after another 8 hours. Daily maintenance 1/4-1/5th total dose. Frusemide 2 mg/kg/day with oral pot. chloride, oxygen. (iii) Pain and restlessness - Codein for chest pain and cough. (iv) Anaemia - Iron by mouth. 5: Convalescence - Physical activity not undertaken until clinical and laboratory evidence of rheumatic activity have been absent for at least 2 weeks after stopping of salicylates. Restriction of physical exertion is not necessary where there is satisfactory compensation, and moderate degree of physical activity is desirable, but exercise should be increased gradually. PREVENTION AND PROPHYLAXIS -1. Immediate treatment of every suspected case of sore throat orstreptococcal infection with penicillin or erythromydn for 10 days. 2. Change of environment and improvement of nutrition. 3. Antimicrobial prophylaxis - Oral phenoxymethyl penicillin 200,000 units twice daily, or benzathine penicillin G 1.2 million units IM once every 3 weeks, or sulphadiazine 0 5 gm. twice daily in penicillin-allergic patients. For patients sensitive to sulphonamides and penicillin, Erythromycin 40 mg/kg/day can be used Prophylaxis must be continued till the patient is 25 years old, or for 5 years from the last attack of rheumatic fever whichever is longer. Preferably life-long as adults can get recurrences after many years. Must be used even in chorea. Rheumatic Chorea (Sydenhams Chorea, St. Vitus' Dance): Etiology: Age - maximum incidence at 10th year, rare after puberty. Sex - twice more common in girls. Predisposing factors - Mental strain, e.g. overwork at school, fright or shock, or pregnancy in young females Exciting cause - Majority due to acute rheumatic fever. Rarely scarlet fever, diphtheria, encephalitis, chickenpox. Chorea is regarded as a diffuse meningo-encephalitis affecting the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex and piaarachnoid Clinical features: Triad - of emotional instability, muscular weakness and semipurposeful movements Onset - Chorea may appear several weeks or months (usually more than 6 months) after an attack of acute rheumatic fever or it may be the initial symptom of a rheumatic episode. The onset is usually gradual. The child becomes increasingly nervous, tends to drop things and stumbles frequently. Speech becomes indistinct and characteristic purposeless movements of arms and legs develop. 1. Involuntary movements - (i) Face - constant bizarre grimacing. (ii) Tongue - when protruded it may be impossible to hold it quietly (Jack-in-the-box tongue) and its undulating jerky movements are described as those of a bag of worms. When asked to show the tongue, the child puts it out rapidly and may bite it to keep it out, or may jerk it back rapidly with reptilian speed When talking the tongue produces a clucking sound. (iii) Ocular muscles may rarely participate in the involuntary movements (iv) Extremities -Movements appear first in hands, when arms are outstretched in front, the posture is one of flexion at the wrist and hyper-extension at the metacarpo-phalangeal joints If the upper limbs are held above the head, the palm face outwards (pronator sign). Lower extremities less affected Gait may be clumsy. (v) Muscles of abdomen and neck may be involved (vi) Respiration -

Selloff money to go to National Investment Fund

NEW DELHI: The government on Friday said the disinvestment proceeds of public sector NHPC and Oil India Ltd (OIL) would be credited to the Nation
NIF), and ruled out any plan to restructure the fund. “The process of launching initial public offerings (IPOs) for NHPC and OIL is already in progress. The receipts from the disinvestment would be channelised into NIF,” minister of state for finance SS Palanimanickam said in a written reply to the Lok Sabha. The IPOs of NHPC and OIL are expected to hit the capital markets in August and September, respectively, while the disinvestment of other PSUs would be decided on a case-by-case basis. Asked whether the government proposed to amend the NIF, the minister replied in the negative. Under the existing guidelines, the disinvestment proceeds are deposited in the NIF, which is managed by three public sector mutual funds—UTI Asset Management Company, SBI Funds Management and LIC Mutual Fund Asset Management Company. The NIF currently has a corpus of Rs 1,815 crore. It generated an income of Rs 85 crore in the first year, Mr Palanimanickam said. As per the present rules, stake sale proceeds have to be put into the NIF and are not treated like other tax and capital receipts of the government. The government can use the interest from the fund only for social schemes and restructuring of ailing PSUs. Any change in the way NIF operates will have to be approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. The government is expected to put in place a road map for disinvestment in public sector enterprises by mid-August, for which consultations have already been initiated with various ministries. However, the government has ruled out any plan to go in for strategic sales of companies and would retain a minimum of 51% equity in these entities. The Economic Survey has recommended an annual disinvestment target of Rs 25,000 crore.

A hypersensitive reaction to lymphatic-dwelling parasites and characterised by chronic cough, wheezing and persistent eosinophilic count which may rea

bladder gives rise to clyluria (when the lymph vessel is draining the intestine) or lymphuria (when it is not) Chyluria occurs intermittently and is more pronounced after a heavy meal It is often symptomless, but may cause fatigue and weight loss due to loss of fat and protein 5 Tropical eosinophilic syndrome - A hypersensitive reaction to lymphatic-dwelling parasites and characterised by chronic cough, wheezing and persistent eosinophilic count which may reach more than 50,000/mm3 Increased specific serum IgE and characteristic histological lesions (Meyers-Kouwennar bodies) in lymph nodes, lungs, spleen and liver Microfilaria are usually absent in blood Diagnosis - (i) Microfilariae in peripheral blood - examined about midnight Microfilariae may be found in fluid obtained from varices, from hydrocele sac and sometimes ascitic and pleural accumulation and joint fluid or sediment of chyluria (ii) X-ray - for calcified filaria (iii) Gland biopsy - to identify adult worm (iv) Intradermal test - About 90% of patients with Wuchereria bancrofti infestation have a positive intradermal test with material prepared from filarial worm of lower animals (v) Complement fixation test- A positive reaction suggests present or past infection Management - 1 SPECIFIC - (a) Diethylcarbamazine produces rapid disappearance of microfilariae from blood stream Dose - 50 mg (G mg/kg) t d s for 4 days to maximum of -200 mg t d s for 2 weeks (Total dose 75 mg/kg body weight) or single dose of G mg/kg is as effective in the long term at killing microfilariae and adult worms Long-term reduction of microfilariae and transmission control - Annual 2-drug regimens of ivermectin (200 mg/kg) co-administered with either DEC (G mg/kg) or albendazole (400 mg) Side effects - Dizziness, nausea and vomiting Fever, bodyache, skin rashes and temporary exacerbation of symptoms may occur in the beginning of treatment as a result of toxic proteins released from dead organisms These allergic reactions do not indicate cessation of treatment and are relieved by corticosteroid drugs (b) Ivermectin - Single dose (150 mg/kg on empty stomach) may be used to clear microfilariae almost as effectively as multiple doses of DEC The drug however does not affect adult worms (c) Coumarin (5, G-benzo-a-pyrone) - 400 mg/day reduces oedema and many symptoms of filarial oedema and elephantiasis Few side effects 2 TREATMENT OF SECONDARY INFECTION - (a) Local, treatment - elevation of limb Calamine or lead lotion Antibiotic ointment if ulcers (b) Antibiotics (c) Eradication of septic focus 3 RELIEF OF LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION - (a) Surgical treatment for re-establishment of lymphatic drainage by venonodal shunt or (b) bandaging the limb tightly preferably after a period of rest, and elevation, massage, and exercise 4 PALLIATIVE TREATMENT - (a) Acute lymphangitis - Rest, elevation of limb, hot fomentations, infra-red rays or short wave diathermy Analgesics for relief of pain Broad spectrum antibiotics to control infection (b) Chyluria - Complete rest Omit fat from diet Saline purge Bladder Vvash if clots (c) Elephantiasis -Since bacterial and fungal infections trigger most episodes of adenolymphagitis in tissues with compromised lymphatic function, simple hygiene measures are useful - (a) Twice daily washing of affected parts with soap and water (b) Raising the limb at night (c) Working the foot up and down to promote lymph flow (d) Keeping the nails clean (e) Wearing shoes (f) Use of antiseptic or antibiotic creams to treat small wounds or abrasions Long-term low-dose DEC may also help to reverse chronic lymphoedema and elephantiasis For resistant case lymphonodo-venous shunt operation, followed by surgical removal of excess tissue INTESTINAL HELMINTHS Hookworm -Hookworms are nematodes belonging to the family Ancylostomidae Human infection is caused by Ancylostoma - duodenale and Necator americanus Transmission - may occur wherever faeces' are allowed to remain in contact with damp soil at a suitable temperature. LIFE-CYCLE - The adult worms attach themselves by their mouths to the intestinal mucosa and feed upon blood. The gravid male lays eggs which are passed in the stools. In suitable conditions a larval worm hatches in about 24 hours and takes a week to reach the stage infective to man. These infective larvae can penetrate human skin. Having entered the body the larval worms pass in the blood stream to the lung capillaries. They enter the alveoli, pass up the air passages and down the oesophagus to reach the jejunum where they attach to the mucosa and mature Clinical features Cause DIAGNOSIS - Detection of ova in stool, or of worms after treatment. Treatment - When Hb is less than 5 gm % it is advisable to raise it to about 8 gm. with iron therapy before expelling the worms. Mebendazole - 100 mg. b.d. for 3 days (all age groups) or Albendazole - One dose of 400 mg for all patients over 2 years of age or Pyrantel - 10 mg/kg (maximum 750 mg in adults) in a single dose for 3 days. Roundworm - (Ascaris lumbricoides) LIFE CYCLE -The eggs leave the body tin the faeces. At this stage they consist of unsegmented ova protected by a thick shell, which in suitable conditions will develop into larval worms in 2 or 3 weeks Man acquires the infection by swallowing the larvae, usually on contaminated food. The larvae hatch in

Financial risk from carbon costs is greatest in the Utilities sector, where EBITDA at a company level could fall by 2% to 117%."

As for mutual funds, they, too, vary widely in terms of their carbon exposure -- sometimes in unexpected ways. Trucost’s report, called Carbon Counts USA, examined the carbon performance of 91 mutual funds in the U.S., including 16 funds that say they focus on sustainability or socially responsible investing. It did not make all the results public, but it said “the footprint of the most carbon-intensive fund is over 38 times larger than the lowest-carbon fund, reflecting the range in potential carbon risk.”As you’d expect, the 16 funds that focus on sustainability or social investing have, as a group, the smallest carbon footprint, but some are much “greener” than others. Trucost found that the Sentinel Sustainable Core Opportunities Fund has a carbon intensity (692 tons of carbon equivalent emissions per $1 million of revenues of the fund’s holdingss) that is seven times as great as the Ariel Appreciation Fund, which has the smallest footprint (98 tons of carbon equivalent emissions per $1 million in revenues.) Green Century, meanwhile, reports that its footprint is 126 tons of carbon per $1 million in revenues, bigger than the Ariel Fund but just a bit more than half of the average of the sustainability funds tracked by Trucost. The 10 biggest holdings of the Green Century Balanced Fund, as of March 31, were IBM, AT&T, Xerox, Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, General Mills, SLM Corp., Telfonica SA, Johnson & Johnson, Advance Auto Parts and Oracle. Gustav Knepper Power Station in Dortmund, Germany What does this all mean? It’s too soon to say. Only over time will we be able to see whether low carbon stocks and funds, as a group, outperform those with higher carbon exposure. Already, though, some investors are factoring carbon into their long-term view. Trucost is using its data to develop investable indexes of low-carbon companies. “If enough investors look at carbon intensity,” Krosinsky tells me, “it will create a competitive dynamic and encourage companies to become more efficient.” More capital would then flow to clean tech, and less to coal plants like the one to the left.

Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome) Definition - Guillain-Ba

0signs are distal wasting of lower limbs with pes cavus and subsequent foot drop. Later the calf muscles and distal third of the thigh atrophy producing a 'stork leg' or 'inverted champagne bottle' appearance of the leg. Wasting of intrinsic hand muscles occurs and mild distal sensory loss is usual. The condition progresses very slowly over many years TYPES - Two major forms are - CMT type I - is a demyelinating neuropathy, usually autosomal dominant. Patients present with foot deformity in early childhood, which leads to foot drop and weakness in the legs. Sensory loss is relatively mild. Nerve conduction studies reveal severely reduced peripheral n. conduction. CMT type II - is an axonal disease either dominant or recessive Presentation is similar to type I, though there may be more extensive wasting. II. Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome) Definition - Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute, predominantly motor neuropathy, which progresses to its peak in less than 4 weeks. Etiology - Age - usually 20-50 years. Sex - Males predominate. Antecedent infection - usually upper respiratory tract infection or Gl illness in about 70% Infectious agents commonly identified as a precipitating feature are Campylobacter jejuni and cytomegalovirus. Pathogenesis - Probably a cell-mediated immune response to preceding infection. Clinical features - Prodromal stage - Headache, vomiting, slight fever, pain in back and limbs Latent period - Few days to several weeks; may be absent. Stage of paralysis - Patient may come in this stage, the initial stage being absent Alarming clinical picture with motor weakness progressing to paralysis and various sensory disturbances. 1. Motor symptoms - Onset of paralysis sudden or gradual. Headache and fever. All four limbs may be paralysed simultaneously or first lower and then upper. Proximal and distal segment muscles affected equally Involvement of muscles of neck and trunk. Dysphagia and ophthalmoplegia Loss of superficial and deep reflexes. 2. Sensory symptoms - Pain, radicular involving most commonly the proximal portions of the limbs, numbness and tingling of limbs. All forms of sensations may be impaired at the periphery, and muscles may be tender. 3. Cranial nerve paralysis - Facial and bulbar paralysis common, and weakness of extraocular muscles may also occur. 4. Reflexes - usually depressed or absent. 5. Sphincters - rarely involved, retention of urine may occur. 6. Symptoms of toxemia - Fever, rash, slight cardiac dilatation, albuminuria, leucocytosis CSF -Typically elevation of protein with normal cell count, in some cases no increase of protein and cell count more than 30 cells mm3. Nerve conduction studies - Typical early findings are prolonged distal motor latencies in either upper or lower limbs, prolonged F wave latencies and small m action potential amplitudes. Slowing of n. conduction indicating demyelination is seen late. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (Asburys) - A. Features required for diagnosis 1. Progressive motor weakness of more than one limb (can progress to total paralysis of all four extremities). 2. Areflexia B. Features strongly supporting the diagnosis (a) Clinical features. 1. Progression of symptoms and signs over days upto 4 weeks. 2. Relative symmetry of symptoms 3 Mild sensory symptoms or signs. 4. Cranial nerve involvement, especially facial diplegia. 5. Recovery beginning 2-4 weeks after progression ceases. 6. Autonomic dysfunction. 7. Absence of fever at onset of illness (b) CSF picture 1. Elevated CSF protein after one week of symptoms. 2. Cell counts of 10 mononuclear leucocytes per cmm of CSF. (c) Electrodiagnostic studies Evidence of nerve conduction slowing or block. C. Features making the diagnosis doubtful 1. Marked persistent asymmetry of weakness. 2. Marked bladder or bowel dysfunction at onset or its persistence thereon. 3. Presence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes or >50 mononuclear leucocytes per cmm of CSF 4. Sharp sensory level. D. Features excluding the diagnosis 1 Diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria or recent diphtheria infection. 2. Diagnosis of botulism, poliomyelitis, hysterical paralysis, toxic neuropathy 3 Purely sensory syndrome. COURSE - Within a period of 3 weeks, it progresses to maximum disability, often with complete quadriparesis and respiratory paralysis. Recovery without significant disability occurs in about 80%, subsequent relapses occur in about 5% of patients. Management - No specific therapy known. 1. ITU - as long as any weakness of trunk muscles persists. Vital capacity should be measured every 2-4 hours in early stages. 2. Analgesics - Aspirin or paracetamol 3 Hot packs - as in treatment of poliomyelitis may be useful. 4. Corticosteroids - for patients with bulbar symptoms or severe generalised weakness. 5 Antibiotics - to prevent secondary infection. 6. Supportive treatment - IV or intragastric feeding may be necessary. 7. Physiotherapy - Early active and passive movements Splints to prevent foot and wrist drop. 8. Assisted respiration - if respiratory or bulbar paralysis. 9. Plasma exchange - Indications - inability to walk unaided, rapid and significant reduction in serial vital capacity measurements and onset of bulbar paralysis. Usually 4 to 5 sessions of PE are carried out over 14 days, at each of which about 50 ml/kq is exchanged 10 IV immunoqlobulin - may be used as alternative to plasma exchange. Dose

Is There High Interest in a Low-Carbon Mutual Fund?

By Marc Gunther - Marc Gunther You want a car that gets good gas mileage and you want energy efficient appliances (or at least I hope you do). But do you want a low-carbon investment portfolio? The Green Century Balanced Fund is betting that you do. The Boston-based mutual fund says it is the first U.S.-based fund to disclose its carbon footprint, which is 66% less than the carbon intensity of the S&P 500 Index. Let’s be clear what we’re talking about here. This isn’t an accounting of how much energy the mutual fund company uses in its offices or how often its staffers get on planes. It’s an analysis of the tons of carbon emissions per million dollars of revenue that are generated by the companies held by the Balanced Fund, compared to the firms in the S&P 500. Why would you care? Not merely because you want to invest in mutual funds and companies that are greener and cleaner than average (although, again, I hope you do) but because those funds and companies will over time outperform their peers -- an arguable but much iffier proposition. In a prepared statement, Simon Thomas, the chief of executive of Trucost, a firm that did the analysis for Green Century, said:
"There will clearly be winners and losers from climate change regulation, with companies that are less carbon intensive than their sector peers standing to gain competitive advantage."
While, as they say, past performance is no guide to future returns, the tiny ($47 million in assets under management) Green Century Balanced Fund has, in fact, outperformed the S&P 500 Index over the last decade:
"The Green Century Balanced Fund’s returns for the one-, three-, five-, and ten-year periods ended June 30, 2009 were -13.36%, -3.78%, -1.05%, and 4.64%, respectively. The S&P 500® Index returns for the one-, three-, five-, and ten-year periods ended June 30, 2009 were -26.21%, -8.22%, -2.24% and -2.22%, respectively."
Of course, this is partly due the fact that Green Century is a “balanced” fund -- as of March 31, it held more than 40% of its assets in cash and bonds -- and stocks have underformed cash and bonds lately, to say the least. Still, there’s a big idea here -- that mutual funds, and not just companies, should be required to disclose the carbon footprints of their holdings. To learn more about that, I called up Cary Krosinky, a vice president of Trucost, which is based in the U.K. I’ve been meaning for some time to reach out to privately-held Trucost because one of its big investors is Robert A.G. Monks, the estimable shareholder advocate who I profiled in FORTUNE (“Investors of the World, Unite!“) back in 2002. Cary told me that Trucost published two relevant studies on the topic this year -- one on the carbon intensity of U.S. mutual funds in April, another on the carbon intensity of the S&P500 in June. The nonprofit Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC) commission the S&P 500 study, which found not just vast differences in the carbon intensity of companies across sectors (which you would expect) but also major differences within sectors (which you might not.) If, as now seems likely, Congress passes a cap-and-trade program to regulate carbon emissions and put a price on fossil fuel emissions, the impact on companies would vary widely. Assuming a market price of about $28 per ton of carbon-equivalent emissions, the study says:
"Exposure to carbon costs varies significantly across companies in the Index. Carbon costs would amount to less than 1% of EBITDA for 203 companies, while 71 companies could see earnings fall by 10% or more."

. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - rare. Spontaneous resolution. Rarely thrombocytopenia with bleeding. Splenic rupture 2. Neurological - Encephalitis wi

mononucleosis though in smaller numbers appear in viral hepatitis, serum sickness, Hodgkin's disease, rubella, brucellosis, toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus or adenovirus infection. Complications - 1. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - rare. Spontaneous resolution. Rarely thrombocytopenia with bleeding. Splenic rupture 2. Neurological - Encephalitis with predominant cerebellar features, viral meningitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome. Bell's palsy, transverse myelitis. 3. Other complications - (a) Cardiac - Nonspecific ECG changes, pericarditis, myocarditis. (b) Pulmonary - Pneumonitis. Other syndromes associated with EBV 1. Chronic EBV disease - Severe persistent illness associated with EBV is rare, but following have been described - Immunodeficiency and disseminated viral infection including hepatitis, pneumonitis, splenomegaly and pancytopenia. High litres of anti-VCA IgG and anti-EA. 2. Malignancy - EBV has been associated with Burkitfs lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In immunosuppressed patients (e g transplant recipients, individuals infected with HIV), EBV is also associated with development of polygonal B-cell lymphomas, which may respond to acyclovir or withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs 3 Oral hairy leukoplakia - in patients with HIV infection. It responds to acyclovir but signifies a poor prognosis Management - is mainly symptomatic. Initial period of bed rest for 2-3 weeks. Gargles with soluble aspirin helpful for relieving sore throat. Antibiotics such as erythromydn if secondary infection. Ampicillin should be avoided as it produces a rash. Corticosteroids if severe pharyngitis, airway obstruction, severe thrombocytopenic purpura or acute hemolytic anaemia, and polyneuritis. AGENTS CAUSING IM-LIKE SYNDROMES: Cyt o me galo virus mononucleosis - EPIDEMIOLOGY -Asymptomatic infection is common in children. Virus is excreted in body fluids such as saliva, urine, semen and cervical secretions. Infection is commonly acquired from asymptomatic excretors through close contact. Kissing is an important mode of transmission in young adults. Virus is also transmitted by blood transfusion and tissue or organ transplants. CLINICAL FEATURES - CMV is associated with disease in three specific circumstances (a) Heterophile antibody-negative IM - Tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy are unusual, and atypical lymphocytosis less marked than in EBV infection. (b) Congenital infection - from primary infection during pregnancy. Jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly and petechial rash may be present at birth, together with multiple congenital abnormalities such as microcephaly, intracerebral calcification and chorioretinitis. Infection is commonly fatal, and infants who survive may be severely handicapped mentally and physically Sensorineural deafness may be the only manifestation of congenital infection. (c) Immunosuppression -Reactivation of latent CMV infection occurs in immunocompromised patients and may be asymptomatic or cause only fever and mononucleosis. More severe disease with pneumonitis, hepatitis, enteritis and retinitis. DIAGNOSIS - (a) Antibody tests - Both IgM and IgG antibodies to CMV can be detected early However seroconversion from no antibody to IgG positive is more diagnostic. (b) Virus detection - by electron microscopy, serological detection of viral antigen in mucosal cells, or by culture of urine, blood or secretions. TREATMENT - Antiviral agent ganciclovir controls most manifestations except pneumonitis.

RNRL, TCS, Wipro among favourite picks of fund managers in Jun

NEW DELHI: Software exporters Wipro, Tata Consultancy Services and ADA Group firm Reliance Natural Resources are among the companies which
fancy of fund managers in June, while Punjab National Bank and Indian Oil Corporation lost some flavour. An analysis of buy and sell transactions by mutual funds during May shows that the fund houses purchased stocks from sectors like power, software, housing finance and sugar, while offloading shares from banking, refineries and airlines. According to brokerage firm Sharekhan, state-run NTPC, ONGC, TCS, Essar Oil and Reliance Petroleum figure amongst the favourite picks by the equity funds in the month of May. Besides, MFs were also seen adding a couple of new stocks to the portfolio. The top new picks for equity funds includes, UCO Bank, Swaraj Mazda, Bhushan Steel and Purvankara Projects, the data compiled by Sharekhan shows. Besides, in the mid-cap equity funds portfolio stocks of Mahindra Satyam, RNRL, Hindalco Industries and Network 18 Media caught the fancy of the MFs. In the last month, domestic MFs have made complete exits from the portfolio of equity funds in the scrips of a host of firms including Ansal Properties, HOEC and Wire and Wireless.

For USA members who seeks to get Mortgage or refinance

Banks are there to make money and I would like educate you as how the Mortage market works. first of all Banks compound your interest rate daily .. that's bad..for example if you take out a loan or a Mortage 6% for 30 years, $300,000 you end up paying over $700,000 . What is the solution ? you can double payments that will reduce your 30 years to about 24 years. You can ask your Banker to have a simple interest loand which I will doubt it if they will give it to you.Also for member who are 60 years and older and they have equity on their house over $65,000 you can have a reverse Mortgage(refinance to this concept).What is a reverse Mortgage, simply you stop paying your mortgage bill until all your equity will become zero, nada, nothing left. At that time either you die or if you sell your house the Banker will get most of the preoceeds.With the new era and economic collapse, they Banks right now will give a 30 years mortgage 4%. If you can get that you will never be able to beat this rate any where and time . Good luck.

HSBC Mortgages

My partner has banked with HSBC since his student days and has had his fair share of run-ins with them (like over-extending the overdraft and maxing out the credit card etc!) but has mellowed out somewhat in the time we have been together. Following a period of what I fondly refer to as 'credit hell' we having been working our butts off ever since to try and improve our credit rating to get back to a clean slate. Circumstances came up (at not such a great time, which is normal)and we found ourselves in need of getting or having 12 months to find a lender who would offer us a mortgage. It seemed that every avenue we turned to ended in a closed door and so we went down to HSBC with not too many hopes. The mortgage advisor was fantastic. He told it to us straight, told us the things we needed to do and ultimately, he gave us a goal to work towards. We came out not feeling like we had been laughed, which, after a fair few declines, is no small feat, and began working towards the light at the end of the tunnel. Well, the year is almost up and boy, have we worked hard. We went back to our friendly mortgage advisor to check that we were on track and he congratulated us on our efforts, which made us feel very pleased with ourselves. Like he said, the only way for us to truly improve our credit is to get a mortgage and in order to do that, someone has to take a gamble on us so that we can prove ourselves... HSBC are taking that gamble and I believe that it would take a very big something to stop us from banking with them from now on. They have been the friendly face that you so rarely get from Banks and Building Societies these days and once we're on the ladder, we won't forget all the hard work we had to put in to get there.

Re-mortgaging with the Royal Bank of Scotland

I've been a home-owner now for about eleven years: bought my first house as the market hit rock bottom and and am still there. Naive as I was then about financial matters, I took advice from a professional and ended up with an endowment mortgage. I expect you can guess what happened next. Actually it wasn't that bad: I still had fifteen years to run on my mortgage and am young enough to get another 25-year mortgage. So that's what I decided to do.
I have banked with Royal Bank of Scotland ever since they took over Williams & Glynn's Bank nearly 20 years ago and while I've had other bank accounts as well, both personal and treasurers' accounts for some clubs I've been involved in, as well as building society accounts, RBS have always won hands down when it comes to customer service and helpfulness. Also, and this is VERY IMPORTANT, you can phone your branch up and speak to a real person instead of phoning a call centre and going through endless menus in order to talk to someone who can't or won't help you. So when it came time to re-mortgage, I looked at the available options with the intention to go with RBS unless something spectacularly better came up. It didn't - in fact the current account mortgage I decided on had one of the best rates I could find and in addition, the Bank paid all the legal fees and the valuation fee.
The actual process was simple. I filled out the application form and sent it off with the necessary copies of my payslip etc. The bank made an appointment to send their surveyor round and my partner stayed home that day. The bank's solicitors did all the legal work: they are based up north but there is no reason whatsover, with a routine transaction, why I should have needed to see them in person, and I didn't. I did speak to them a couple of times and they were friendly, helpful and phoned me back when they said they would. I had to do very little myself. The current account mortgage works like a huge overdraft secured on my house. I have my salary paid into it and all my direct debits etc. come out of it. The rate varies depending on how much you owe in relation to the value of your property – for me, fortunately, it’s in the lowest bracket. I am saving loads of money each month and actually paying the mortgage off, not merely paying the interest. I can use PC banking which was not available with the building society I had my previous mortgage with. There is no redemption penalty if I win the lottery and decide to pay the mortgage off. I could go on but you'd get bored.
The whole thing, from me deciding to re-mortgage to the money being in my new current account, took around six weeks. Whenever something cropped up, as things do, I simply rang my local branch (or they rang me) and talked to one of three ladies whose names I knew and who, despite being busy, took as much time as was necessary to sort out whatever needed sorting in the friendliest manner imaginable. There was one snag: the mortgage insurance. This is supposed to be free for the first six months and I expected the premium to start being taken out of my account at the beginning of this year, but this never happened. It seems that somewhere along the line, the application had gone astray: I've never established whether it was me, the bank or the insurance company who lost it. This is a minor problem - it had the potential to be major if anything had happened but I was lucky.
The Royal Bank of Scotland are only human, and do make mistakes from time to time. Little ones, in my experience, and not very often. They use their vast electronic machine to help, not to hide behind. I wish all banks were this nice!

I've been a home-owner now for about eleven years: bought my first house as the market hit rock bottom and and am still there. Naive as I was then about financial matters, I took advice from a professional and ended up with an endowment mortgage. I expect you can guess what happened next. Actually it wasn't that bad: I still had fifteen years to run on my mortgage and am young enough to get another 25-year mortgage. So that's what I decided to do.
I have banked with Royal Bank of Scotland ever since they took over Williams & Glynn's Bank nearly 20 years ago and while I've had other bank accounts as well, both personal and treasurers' accounts for some clubs I've been involved in, as well as building society accounts, RBS have always won hands down when it comes to customer service and helpfulness. Also, and this is VERY IMPORTANT, you can phone your branch up and speak to a real person instead of phoning a call centre and going through endless menus in order to talk to someone who can't or won't help you. So when it came time to re-mortgage, I looked at the available options with the intention to go with RBS unless something spectacularly better came up. It didn't - in fact the current account mortgage I decided on had one of the best rates I could find and in addition, the Bank paid all the legal fees and the valuation fee.
The actual process was simple. I filled out the application form and sent it off with the necessary copies of my payslip etc. The bank made an appointment to send their surveyor round and my partner stayed home that day. The bank's solicitors did all the legal work: they are based up north but there is no reason whatsover, with a routine transaction, why I should have needed to see them in person, and I didn't. I did speak to them a couple of times and they were friendly, helpful and phoned me back when they said they would. I had to do very little myself. The current account mortgage works like a huge overdraft secured on my house. I have my salary paid into it and all my direct debits etc. come out of it. The rate varies depending on how much you owe in relation to the value of your property – for me, fortunately, it’s in the lowest bracket. I am saving loads of money each month and actually paying the mortgage off, not merely paying the interest. I can use PC banking which was not available with the building society I had my previous mortgage with. There is no redemption penalty if I win the lottery and decide to pay the mortgage off. I could go on but you'd get bored.
The whole thing, from me deciding to re-mortgage to the money being in my new current account, took around six weeks. Whenever something cropped up, as things do, I simply rang my local branch (or they rang me) and talked to one of three ladies whose names I knew and who, despite being busy, took as much time as was necessary to sort out whatever needed sorting in the friendliest manner imaginable. There was one snag: the mortgage insurance. This is supposed to be free for the first six months and I expected the premium to start being taken out of my account at the beginning of this year, but this never happened. It seems that somewhere along the line, the application had gone astray: I've never established whether it was me, the bank or the insurance company who lost it. This is a minor problem - it had the potential to be major if anything had happened but I was lucky.
The Royal Bank of Scotland are only human, and do make mistakes from time to time. Little ones, in my experience, and not very often. They use their vast electronic machine to help, not to hide behind. I wish all banks were this nice!

How to Become a Forex Broker

It is a fact that you can make money with currency trading on Forex. Indeed, Forex investing is one of the most potentially rewarding types of investments available. Since individual traders and companies have equal chance to expand in Forex trading, we all have the option to becoming a forex trading broker in order to generate more revenue.
In order to help with your trading strategy and transactions, it is recommended that you must find a forex broker if you are new to the FOREX. The forex broker acts as a liaison of the client to the forex market, which provides technical analysis and research of the market situation and guides the client on the methods of trade as well. All of the information he provides is believed to increase the client's profit.
Before I will discuss on how to become a forex broker, here are some reasons why should you become one. As a forex trading broker you provide your customers access to the freedom that comes from actively trading their own money online on secure forex trading platforms. Since you offer your clients some money making opportunities and some investments, you are then greatly improving the scope and reputation of your own business leading to greater client retention levels. Aside from the fact that you are paid a commission you can also take advantage of the explosive growth in the demand for alternative investments by offering your high-net worth clients a managed forex account.
Becoming a forex broker is simple. A currency trading broker in the Forex trading market is like being a realtor in the property market. Here are steps to becoming one. Becoming Licensed and Registered. Sign on to a licensed business or seek appropriate securities license and fill out a registration form with the SEC in order to be a full service broker. Take note that licensing is different depending on which state you live in. If you move from state to state, license is not always acknowledged. You’re ready to start trading once registered.
However, if you want to become a business broker only and not a full service forex broker, you may work at a brokerage house. You may either go to school or try to learn forex trading by yourself in order to get license. Remember, knowledge is power for the successful broker! A successful forex broker is aware of what’s happening in the world. Forex brokers research heavily on all political and economic news from the countries for which they hold currency.
Forex brokers are much like any other broker that act as the middleman for the individual and the market itself. They key to a successful forex broker is to get licensed and educated about how the market works. With this article you now have information on how to become a forex broker. Get licensed and registered and start forex trading. Soon you will just be sitting up in your multi-million

Knowledge in Forex Trading

I read all the time about how important it is to learn lots of information to trade forex and how you continually need to learn, but this is NOT true. Succesful Forex trading is actually very simple and the knowledge is easy to acquire, yet 90% of traders lose - so why is this ?Because knowledge alone is not enough, furthermore you need to learn the right knowledge and most forex traders don't.There are plenty of very smart people who lose and plenty of small potato investors who make a lot. The fact you have a lot of knowledge or are clever does not ensure success and in most cases ensures you lose.Let's look at this in more detail.The right knowledge Is not hard to acquire and starts from learning yourself and not trying to get a short cut to success by buying it - if you think you can buy success you are going to lose.Trading means getting knowledge that works and you can have confidence in.Your aim is to make money, not be clever and you can build a simple system from free resources on the net.Simple systems beat complicated systems as they are easier to understand, easier to apply and make more money as they are more robust.Fact is most of the top traders in the world use simple systems.We have been traders for over 22 years and our system is simple:Trend lines, support and resistance to spot trends and 3 confirming indicators and that's it and it works.The right knowledge is easy to acquire but the trick is you MUST understand it, to have confidence and this gives you the trait that most traders lack. DisciplineIf you try and follow someone else you won't have confidence and you won't be able to follow a system with discipline. Unless your knowledge is acquired by you and you have confidence, you won't be able to follow your trading system through losing periods. You will simply throw in the towelDiscipline sounds easy to acquire but it isn't - it's extremely hard to hold your emotions in check.How do I get the RIGHT KnowledgeForget all the e-books, courses and other forex education sold on the net.Go to Amazon and get some books by top traders, who have walked the walk rather than simply talk the talk.Most sold info on the net is not worth the money and you can get far better knowledge cheaper at your local bookstore.Good books to start with are Jack Schwager - Market Wizards and New Market Wizards - the interviews here are all with legendary traders and is a great inspiring read.Then get some books on trader psychology.I am a big fan of Jake Bernstein who really shows how important and elusive getting the right trading psychology is and really hits it home.Another favourite of mine is Trader Vic by Victor Sperandeo, a fantastic book covering all you need to know from money management to system building.Done that?Then go on the net and build a simple system based around technical analysis, a breakout methodology find a few indicators you like to confirm trend momentum and you're all set to go. Sounds simple?Building the system is the easy part - getting the right mindset is the hard part - good luck.

Online Forex Broker Profile

MoneyForex Financial Ltd. is one of the world leading online currency trading broker offering low pips and commission-free online forex trading. Founded by Wall Street veterans, MoneyForex's vision is to service individual and corporate investors such as money managers, banks, and financial institutions in easing the complexity in dealing with forex trading. Our dealing software which specialized in forex dealing is rated second to none for it user friendly environment. Lightning speed and efficient execution is one of its many benefits.MoneyForex Financial Ltd. is incorporated in British Virgin Island (Registration Number 629302) under the provisions of the International Business Companies Act, 1984. MoneyForex is authorized to offer futures, securities, and foreign exchange as a forex broker and primary market maker.MoneyForex is founded by a group of Wall Street Veterans who has more than 30 years experience in the financial market. Other than the financial industry, the group operates various businesses including real estate development, media communication, advertising, internet technology and software application and development.In this complex forex market, a user friendly platform is a must in order to make fast and efficient trading decision and execution. Our trading platform is rated the most user friendly by professional traders. MoneyForex's clients consist of financial institutions, money managers as well as individual investors.We take pride in our professional staff that is thoroughly trained to look after the best interests of our clients. Our professional staff is available twenty-four hours a day (Monday to Friday) to answer your inquiry. Try out our service by open a free demo forex account.

Learn to Trade Forex

The GBPJPY is trading at an important long term resistance level around 159.45, in the short term charts it is trading in a tight range in between 159.79 and 158.23, so it first need to clear either support or resistance to start looking for trading opportunities, please take a look at the next chart:
If the market breaks the 159.79 short term resistance line, I will be looking for long opportunities. All take profit orders will be placed around 161.70
If the market breaks the 158.23 short term support level, I will be looking for short trading opportunities. All take profit orders will be placed around 157.00
If the market keeps trading in the short term range I will do nothing.
Good luck

Foreign Exchange Education Centre

The Forex market is a non-stop cash market where currencies of nations are traded, typically via brokers. Foreign currencies are constantly and simultaneously bought and sold across local and global markets and traders' investments increase or decrease in value based upon currency movements. Foreign exchange market conditions can change at any time in response to real-time events.
The main enticements of currency dealing to private investors and attractions for short-term Forex trading are:
24-hour trading, 5 days a week with non-stop access to global Forex dealers.
An enormous liquid market making it easy to trade most currencies.
Volatile markets offering profit opportunities.
Standard instruments for controlling risk exposure.
The ability to profit in rising or falling markets.
Leveraged trading with low margin requirements.
Many options for zero commission trading.

Traits of Successful Forex Traders

Forex trading is an exiting way of earning a living or making some extra money on the side, but its not for everyone. There is always the risk of losing money on top of all the variables you have to take into account. Some people just cant make the cut into the realm of successful traders. If you are considering taking up Forex trading as something else than a hobby, you will want to read this article carefully. It contains the traits that set successful traders apart from the rest.If you can’t recognize these traits in yourself then maybe Forex trading isn’t for you.
Discipline. Successful traders always go by a strategy and don’t let their emotions get the better of them. They never ‘trade on the fly’.The ability to accept risk as part of the game. Despite what you may hear from shrewd sales pages, Forex trading is never without risk. Risk is the other side of the coin. There is big profits to be made but you have to be willing to accept the risk of losing.
Willingness to accept failure and learn from it. Even the best traders in the game lose trades. Its the natural order of things. But the difference between a successful trader and a losing trader is the ability to learn from failed trades and not dwell on the negative.
Confidence. Successful traders always keep confidence in their ability and knowledge. They don’t second guess themselves after making a trade.
The ability to accept being wrong. No one is perfect. You are going to make plenty of mistakes along the way. Don’[t be stubborn and stay in trades gone bad to save yourself from admitting you were wrong.
Patience. Smart traders stay with their system and wait patiently for the right spot to present itself. You don’t need to have positions open all the time. Don’t trade just to trade.
Know when to get out. There is more to trading than knowing when to get in, you need to know when to get out as well. Too many traders got greedy and stayed in a trade for too long, only to see their profits wiped out. Get out when your system tells you too. Don’t go chasing pips.
Know your financial limitations. Don’t over-leverage yourself and don’t trade with money you need to pay your bills or risk ending on the street. Only trade with money you can afford to lose even if this means starting out with only a few hundred dollars. There are many forex brokers where you can get started with that.

forex signal provider? which one?

So you decided to make full time leaving from foreign exchange market? Or you are going to supplement your income from here? You have set up yourself with proper broker available. I believe you spent hundred of hours in front of PC trying to put together all maths and physics involving currency market. Now you watching business news in the morning paper and following CNBC channel to be on the top with latest information from exchange market. You trading your demo account trying to figure out how to make it all work? So? Does it? No?Face the fact that in currency market all is possible and there is no golden rule to follow. There are so many aspects to consider that you will need at least another head to set this puzzle together.But do not worry there is a hope that can make it work.Signal solutions for forex trading. People who traded forex for a long time and developed their own systems to enter and exit with profit strategies. They will share this knowledge with you for varieties of prices from usd49 to usd499 a month for those precious information. Problem is which one will suit you best. Are they scams? How do I know?For medium advanced forex trader is almost impossible to choose proper forex signal system, which is not a scam, or at least not profitable. There is bulk of forex signals providers out there. They all offer their signal solution to trade currency with success.Advice is that you will have to establish what type of trader are you? Do you want to trade quickly or maybe over the days or weeks? What losses can you manage and how much money you want to invest.As long as you know al that it is a time to pick up signal trade provider.Few things worth researching are: performance, service offered and rewievs of the signal. Search on forum for another users of the product you are interested in and ask for comment. Every profitable system should be up on collective2 with real track performance. Look for service offered. You will quickly find out that only few offer free trail-option to try signals before you pay. Demand performance evidence.But while doing all that hard work choosing your automat forex signal system remember that you will have to totally follow it without exceptions to make most out of it. Any even small innovation may have dramatic results in your own gains.Remember that your future profits will depend on your signal provider so calculate carefully and make smart decisions.for more go to http://www.rorexmoneysignal.com

Turkey Gold Market

Turkey has been an important regional gold market for many years; during the 1990s domestic jewellery fabrication averaged 125 tonnes (4.02 million oz). In addition, Turkey has been a key source of bullion for several neighbours countries. Turkish bullion imports, which normally exceed 100 tonnes (3.2 million oz) on an annual basis, came to 107 tonnes in 1999 but then rose significantly in 2000 to 205 tonnes (6.6 million oz). However, the following year bullion imports fell sharply. According to GFMS, this was partly due to the sharp devaluation of the Turkish currency and the associated economic and banking crises which affected the country. On a separate note, Turkey's position in the international market was enhanced by the full liberalisation of the local gold market in 1998 and the opening of the Istanbul Gold Exchange on 26 July 1995.